Interesting respiratory system

Interesting

Today we breathe air in and out, my chest keep moving upwards and outwards when I inhale but my thorax is no more deflatened since I exhale the air out throughout of many ways. For instance, I simple breathe out the air, I kept doing a continously short exhalation namely hiccup and one more thing that I normally do is extract a small amount of air called platus or in the other name is farting. 

This farting process really needs a lot of sacrifices to be done. One of the sacrifices is the kinetic energy that be needed for the air to move outside between the two chubby gluteus maximus, making then a vibration between the air and these chubbies. Thus this produces simply a sound that be very powerful, making the surrounding people to move their hands to shut their olfactory system by closing the nose and the two hairy nasal cavities.

On the costal surface of the lung can be seen as a back view consisting a hilum a place for veins, artery and bronchioles. The hilum may refer as a vessel that keep filling the fuel to the lung either the blood; veins and artery. The lungs; right and left can be pictured as a ventillator machine that keep the process of breathing air in and out continously since the lungs depend on its elasticity as a good advantage to return back to its original shape or relax for expiration after the lung had been contracting for the inspiration.

The left lung become so excited to have more fissures which are horizontal and oblique fissures separating its region into upper, middle and lower lobes. In comparison to the right lung, this left lung again mentions that itself again why the right lung only to have one fissure which is oblique fissure dividing into superior and inferior lobes. Then the right lung does not give up and refuse the statement of saying that he has no advantage by proving itself to the left lung that this Dextro-lung is given the 10 segments adn completely can be seen a full pulonary structure. However, the D-lung exclaims again that the Levo-lung only to exist with 8 segments and after the statement is being stated, this D-lung seems to be more comfortable and satisfied since it expressed almost everything about itself. Then this debate keeps prolonged when the L-lung feels very relief even it is a inadequate form structure with its cardiac knotch and lingual projection called lingula, it ask together the D-lung to be greatful and thankful to the creation on both of them since they realize that their own existing form should be having its own reasonable value to be evaluated. The interpulmonary lungs ended with a piece ending so that they would be able to co-operate themselves in achieving an efficient respiratory system.

DYNAMIC PUMONARY FUNCTION TEST

DYNAMIC PUMONARY FUNCTION TEST (dynamic test)

1       Timed vital capacity:

a)      The test that asks a patient to take a deep breath and expire in 4 seconds.

b)      Examples:

Time taken in seconds(s)	Forced expiratory volume(FEV)%
1	83
2	93
3	97
4	100

2) Peak flow respiratory rate
3) Maximum Breathing

Categories of diseases:

1)      Obstructive; bronchial asthma  

2)      Restrictive; lung fibrosis

3)      Mixed; involve both types which obstructive and restrictive

STATIC PULMONARY FUNCTION TEST     (static test)

1)      4 lung volumes:

-          Tidal volume(TV):

a)      Total 500 ml; 150 ml remains inside alveolar and 350 ml involve in gaseous exchanges

b)      Refers to the volume of inspiration and expiration at normal and rest condition

-          Inspiratory reserved volume(IRV):

a)      Total 3000 ml

b)      Refers to the volume of air that can be inhaled forcedly after normal tidal volume inspiration.

-          Expiratory reserved volume(ERV):

a)      Total 1000 ml

b)      Refers to the volume of air that can be exhaled forcedly at the end of tidal volume expiration.

-          Residual volume(RV):

a)      Total 1200 ml

b)      Refers the volume of air that remains inside the lungs after the maximum respiration.

2)      4 lung capacities:

-          Vital capacity(VC):

a)      IRV(3000ml) + TV(500ml) + ERV(1000ml)

b)      Total 4500 ml

c)       The volume of air that can be exhaled after the maximum inspiration

-          Inspiratory capacity

a)      TV(500ml) + IRV(3000ml)

b)      Total 3500 ml

c)       The amount of air that can be inhaled after the end of tidal volume expiration.

-          Functional residual capacity(FRC)

a)      ERV(1000ml) + RV(1200ml)

b)      Total 2200 ml

c)       The capacity of air that can be found or remained in the lungs after the normal tidal volume expiration.

-          Total lung capacity(TLC)

a)      TV(500ml) + IRV(3000ml) + ERV(1000ml) + RV(1200ml)

b)      Total 5700 ml

c)       The maximum capacity that can be found in the lungs after the maximum compulsive inspiration.

3)      Pulmonary ventilation:

-          Also known as minute respiratory rate

-          16 respiratory cycles occur in a minute throughout normal breathing

-          Formula: 16 times 500ml(TV) = 8 L/minute

4)      Dead space:

a)      The amount of air that be found in air-way passage but does not undergo gaseous exchanges.

b)      150 ml out of 500 ml tidal volume.

c)       3 types of dead space:

Types of dead space	Symptoms
Anatomic	Air conducting zone
Alveolar	Respiratory zone(non conducting zone)
Physiology	Refer to the mix of anatomic and alveolar  dead space

PULMONARY FUNCTION TEST

-          Used to examine the function of respiratory system

-          Generally use spirometer that detects pulmonary function as result in form of spirogram.

-          The indications:

a)      Detect the lung diseases

b)      Evaluate extent and monitor the course of the disease.

c)       Identify the value of treatment with bronchodilators (device that increase the volume inside the space of bronchi).

-          It is divided into 2 types of test:

a)      Static test(does not involve the time factor)

b)      Dynamic test( time acts as manipulated variable)

-          Examples of static test:

a)      4 lung volumes: 500 ml tidal volume (TV), 3000 ml inspiratory reserved volume (IRV), 1000 ml expiratory reserved volume (ERV) and 1200 ml residual volume (RV).

b)                  4 lung capacities: vital capacity(VC), total lung capacity(TLC), functional residual capacity(FRC) and inspiratory capacity(IC)

c)       Dead space, the respiratory part that involve only in air-way passage but not the gaseous exchanges.

d)      Pulmonary ventilation( minute respiratory volume)

e)      Alveolar ventilation

-          Examples of dynamic test:

a)      Timed vital capacity

b)      Maximum breathing capacity

c)       Peak expiratory flow rate

ANATOMY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

-          The respiratory system is divided into 2 parts:

a)      Conducting part

b)      Respiratory part

-          Conducting part is also known as the air-way passage which most made up of anatomic dead. The term dead is used to refer that this conducting part is only to allow air to pass through and not to have gaseous changes along with in it.

-          Respiratory part is referred to the alveolus that contains air sac lined by moist alveolar wall for gaseous exchanges to occur.

-          The vital organ can be seen in this respiratory system is the two lungs.

Right lung	Left lung
3 lobes : a)      Upper lobe b)      Middle lobe c)       Lower lobe	2 lobes : a)      Upper lobe b)      Lower lobe
10 respiratory segments	8 respiratory segments
1 fissure : a)      Oblique fissure	2 fissures : a)      Horizontal fissure b)      Oblique fissure
3 borders: a)      Anterior border b)      Posterior border c)       Inferior border	Same as right lung
3 surfaces : a)      Costal surface b)      Inferior surface c)       Medial surface	Same as right lung
No cardiac notch	Cardiac notch
No lingual	Lingula present
Shorter and wider due the position of liver that slightly push up the diaphragm.	Longer

-          On medial surface, there are two subdivisons:

a)      Posteriorly vertebral part

b)      Anteriorly mediastinal part

c)       There is also a hilum place for posteriorly bronchus, pulmonary arteries and veins.

-          Cardiac notch is arc-shaped that suit the position of heart which left from the midline.

FLOW OF AIR ANATOMICALLY AND PHYSIOLOGICALLY THROUGH RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

FLOW OF AIR ANATOMICALLY AND PHYSIOLOGICALLY THROUGH RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

NASAL PART

-          It starts from the nose.

-          The air always come in through nostrils also known as nares.

-          Nose actually contains 2 cavities (nasal cavities) separated by an elastic cartilage called nasal septum.

-          The roof for nasal cavities is formed of 4 bones: nasal bone, ethmoid, sphenoid and frontal bone.

-          The inferior/base region also known as the floor of the nasal cavity is palate and mostly the hard palate while the soft palate is at the edge and form a projection or a hanging ball called ovula.

-          Each nasal cavity can be distributed into two side of wall which are medial internal nasal wall and lateral internal nasal wall.

-          The interiorly medial wall is mainly nothing except just smooth surface and may represent the septal cartilage or nasal septum.

-          The internally lateral nasal wall consists of three projections called chonchae and divided into superior concha, middle choncha and inferior choncha.

-          Each of nasal cavities is lined by mucus membranes that rich in blood vessel and glands.

-          The air will be passing through these chonchae and make an air turbulence that takes a temporary time before it goes into the nasopharynx and so on for certain function:

a)      With blood capillaries, for respiration taking place (minor exchanges of gases), occurrence of thermal exchanges for maintaining and normalising (equalising) the temperature of inhaled air to the body temperature.

b)      With mucus secreted by glands for humidification and trapping some bacteria.

c)       With nasal hair that filters the air from the entering of big foreign substances into the nasal cavity thus acts as the first immune barrier layer.

d)      With olfactory bulb that act as smell receptor due to the content of the air. It is for the sense of smell.

PHARYNX PART

-          Then followed by pharynx.

-          The pharynx is divided into three parts based on its location:

a)      Nasopharynx, the part of pharynx where it can be found at base of the nose(end of nasal cavity). In this region, there is a collection of lymphoid tissue also known as tonsil namely as pharyngeal tonsil.

b)      Oropharynx, the part of pharynx where it is located at behind the oral cavity (cavity/space inside the mouth). There two tonsils that can be found in oropharynx; lingual tonsil and palatine tonsil.

c)       Laryngopharynx, the part of pharynx that surely near to larynx region.

LARYNX

-          Then continued with larynx which is the opening of trachea.

-          The larynx consist of vocal cord or true vestibular muscle that has two function:

a)      Vocal/sound production also known as phonation. The vestibular muscle(vocal fold/cord) causes the air passing through to vibrate thus produce the sound. The larynx is also known as voice box.

b)      Allowing the air to pass through into trachea. The vestibular muscle contract and relax but under involuntary movement to close or open the air-way passage. The closing phase is partial but not total as the epiglottis do in preventing the food from entering the trachea.

TRACHEAL PART

-          The trachea is a respiratory tract that connect from larynx to the primary bronchi

-          The trachea is mainly a tract that be surrounded by cartilage that prevent the collapse of its structure.

-          At the end of trachea, it is the primary bronchi whereby the trachea is bifurcated, branching itself into two tubes; left and right bronchi. The primary bronchi are differed from other secondary and tertiary bronchi since this primary one is located outside the lungs in thorax cavity. The right bronchus is shorter, wider and in a line with the trachea. The shortness of right trachea is reasonable since the liver position is on right position also that pushed mostly the right regional organ inside the body upwardly. In contrast to the left bronchus, it is obliquely longer and narrower since there is mostly part of the heart located.

-          Then followed by secondary and tertiary and finally the respiratory sac called alveoli.

PULMONARY CIRCULATION

-          The singular alveolus contains the air sac surrounded with moist surface in ensuring the efficiency of gaseous exchanges between pulmonary capillaries and alveolar sac.

-          The gaseous exchanges are the process of exchanges of mainly oxygen into blood capillaries and carbon dioxide out to the lungs. This generally known as pulmonary respiration, a respiration that occurs inside the lungs. Besides that, the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in this pulmonary respiration is under partial pressure. For instances, the higher partial pressure of oxygen in alveolar sac move into pulmonary capillaries with lower partial pressure of oxygen.

RESPIRATORY CARTILLAGES

-          In this respiratory system, there are 9 cartilages can be found. The three of cartilages are the prominent ones which means that it exist in one site only compared to the others. The other 6 cartilages are found in both right and left side.

-          The three prominent one cartilages are:

a)      Thyroid cartilage, also known as Adam’s apple.

b)      Cricoid cartilage.

c)       Epiglottis.

The others are cuneiform, corniculate and arytenoid cartilages. Overall the others are six cartilages since each of it has 2 side or is formed of a pair( left and right).